Resumen ejecutivo de las guías de práctica clínica en la osteoporosis posmenopáusica, glucocorticoidea y del varón (actualización 2022). Sociedad Española de Investigación Ósea y del Metabolismo Mineral (SEIOMM) / Executive summary clinical practice guideline of postmenopausal, glucocortcioid-induced and male osteoporosis (2022 update). Spanish Society for Bone and Mineral Metabolism Investigation (SEIOMM)

Esta versión actualizada de las guías de osteoporosis de la Sociedad Española de Investigación en Osteoporosis y Metabolismo Mineral (SEIOMM) incorpora la información más relevante publicada en los últimos 7años, desde las guías de 2015, con estudios de imagen, como la valoración de la fractura vertebral y el análisis del índice trabecular óseo. Además, los avances terapéuticos incluyen los nuevos fármacos anabólicos, los estudios comparativos de la eficacia de los fármacos y la terapia secuencial y combinada. Por ello se actualizan también las recomendaciones de los tratamientos (AU)

This updated version of the Spanish Society for Research in Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism (SEIOMM) osteoporosis guides incorporate the most relevant information published in the last 7years, since the 2015 guides, with imaging studies, such as vertebral fracture assessment and bone trabecular score analysis. In addition, therapeutic advances include new anabolic agents, comparative studies of drug efficacy, and sequential and combined therapy. Therefore, therapeutic algorithms are also updated (AU)

Executive summary clinical practice guideline of postmenopausal, glucocortcioid-induced and male osteoporosis (2022 update). Spanish Society for Bone and Mineral Metabolism Investigation (SEIOMM).

This updated version of the Spanish Society for Research in Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism (SEIOMM) osteoporosis guides incorporate the most relevant information published in the last 7 years, since the 2015 guides, with imaging studies, such as vertebral fracture assessment and bone trabecular score analysis. In addition, therapeutic advances include new anabolic agents, comparative studies of drug efficacy, and sequential and combined therapy. Therefore, therapeutic algorithms are also updated.

Resumen ejecutivo de las Guías de práctica clínica en la osteoporosis postmenopáusica, glucocorticoidea y del varón (actualización 2022) / Executive summary clinical practice guideline of postmenopausal, glucocorticoid-induced, and male osteoporosis (2022 update)

Esta versión actualizada de la Guía de osteoporosis de la SEIOMM (Sociedad Española de Investigación en Osteoporosis y Metabolismo Mineral) incorpora la información más relevante publicada en los últimos 7 años, desde la Guía de 2015, con estudios de imagen, como la valoración de la fractura vertebral y el análisis del índice trabecular óseo. Además, los avances terapéuticos incluyen los nuevos fármacos anabólicos, los estudios comparativos de la eficacia de los fármacos y la terapia secuencial y combinada. Por ello se actualizan también las recomendaciones de los tratamientos. (AU)

Guías de práctica clínica en la osteoporosis postmenopáusica, glucocorticoidea y del varón (actualización 2022). Sociedad Española de Investigación Ósea y del Metabolismo Mineral (SEIOMM) / Clinical practice guidelines in postmenopausal, glucocorticoid and male osteoporosis (update 2022). Spanish Society for Bone and Mineral Metabolism Research (SEIOMM)

Esta actualización de las Guías incorpora la información más relevante aparecida durante los 7 años trascurridos desde la publicación de la versión anterior, especialmente en cuanto a procedimientos diagnósticos y opciones terapéuticas. Entre los primeros, merece la pena destacar la incorporación del TBS y la detección de fracturas vertebrales por densitometría. Entre los tratamientos, se consideran los nuevos fármacos anabólicos, los estudios comparativos de eficacia en osteoporosis grave, las pautas de actuación tras la suspensión de los antirresortivos y otros esquemas de tratamiento secuencial y combinado. Teniendo en cuenta todo ello, se actualizan los esquemas de tratamiento recomendados. (AU)

Osteoporotic patients treated with bisphosphonates do not show the increased mortality observed in those untreated.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis has been said to be associated with increased mortality. On the other hand, it is debated whether treatment with bisphosphonates may reduce mortality in osteoporotic patients. To contribute to the clarification of these issues, we have studied in a prospective cohort the mortality in people without osteoporosis and in patients with osteoporosis, untreated or treated with bisphosphonates MATERIAL AND METHODS: At their inclusion in the cohort, four groups of participants were identified: (a) people without osteoporosis (group 1); (b) osteoporotic patients treated with bisphosphonates (group 2); (c) osteoporotic patients who refused to be treated (group 3); and (d) patients who met osteoporosis diagnostic criteria but were not treated because their risk of fracture was considered to be low (group 4). To compare all four groups, unadjusted Kaplan-Meier estimates of survivorship were obtained and they were compared using log-rank test. Hazard ratios were then estimated via Cox regression adjusting for the main confounders. A comparison among the osteoporotic groups was made by means of a Cox regression analysis performed using only these three groups, adjusting for propensity scores. RESULTS: Two thousand six hundred and sixty-five people were included. In the unadjusted analysis, mortality in group 3 was higher than in the other groups (p < 0.001). Taking group 1 as a reference, Cox regression analysis showed the following mortality HRs for groups 2, 3, and 4 after adjusting for confounding factors: 0.82 (0.41-1.63), 1.37 (0.90-2.10), and 0.69 (0.46-1.02). In the analysis of the osteoporotic groups with the PS generated for them, and taking group 2 as a reference, the HRs were as follows: group 3, 2.38 (1.34-4.22); group 4, 1.45 (0.61-3.43). CONCLUSION: Mortality in osteoporotic patients who refused treatment is higher than in osteoporotic patients treated with bisphosphonates. In unadjusted analysis, it was also higher than in non-osteoporotic people; however, this difference disappeared after adjustment for confounding factors.

La vía Wnt/Beta-catenina disminuye la cantidad de osteoclastos en el hueso y favorece su apoptosis / The Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway decreases the amount ofosteoclasts in the bone and promotes its apoptosis

La activación de la señalización de Wnt/β‐catenina en células del linaje osteoblástico conduce a un aumento en la masa ósea a través de un mecanismo dual: por una parte, aumentando la osteoblastogénesis, y por otra, disminuyendo la os‐teoclastogénesis. El predominio de un mecanismo sobre otro depende del estado madurativo del osteoblasto en el que produzca la acumulación de β‐catenina. La activación de la señalización de Wnt/β‐catenina en células del linaje osteo‐clástico y sus posibles efectos en la regulación de la masa ósea es menos conocida. Estudios previos han demostrado que la ablación condicional de β‐catenina en los osteoclastos induce una disminución de la masa ósea asociada a un aumento de los osteoclastos, y este hecho se ha atribuido a un incremento de la osteoclastogénesis. Sin embargo, no se han evaluado otras posibilidades alternativas como que una disminución de la apoptosis normal de los osteoclastos pueda también contribuir al mayor número de los mismos. En este trabajo, para obtener información sobre este hecho, generamos ratones en los que la β‐catenina se eliminó selectivamente de las células del linaje de monocito/macrófago utilizando un alelo flanqueado de la β‐catenina (Catnbf) junto con la línea de deleción LisozimaMCre (LysMCre). El análisis tridimensional de los huesos de los ratones Catnbf/f; LysMrevelaron una disminución significativa del grosor de la cortical femoral, mientras que el hueso trabecular vertebral no se vio afectado. Este fenotipo se asoció con un mayor número de osteoclastos en la superficie ósea. El número de osteoclastos en los cultivos procedentes de los ratones Catnbf/f; LysMfuedos veces mayor que en los cultivos obtenidos de los ratones control. La administración de WNT3a atenuó la formación de osteoclastos inducida por M‐CSF y RANKL in vitro. Además, WNT3a promovió la apoptosis de osteoclastos, y este efecto fue contrarrestado, tanto por la presencia de DKK1 como por la ausencia de β‐catenina. En conjunto, estos resultados apoyan un efecto autónomo celular de la β‐catenina en el osteoclasto, y proporcionan evidencia convincente del papel proapoptótico de β‐catenina en estas células

The activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in cells of the osteoblastic lineage leads to an increase in bone mass through a dual mechanism: increasing osteoblastogenesis and decreasing osteoclastogenesis. The predominance of one mechanism over another depends on the maturational state of the osteoblast in which β‐catenin accumulation occurs. The activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in cells of the osteoclastic lineage and its possible effects on the regulation of bone mass is less known. Previous studies have shown that conditional ablation of β‐catenin in osteoclasts induces a decrease in bone mass associated with an increase in osteoclasts, and this fact has been attributed to an increase in osteoclastogenesis. However, other alternative possibilities have not been evaluated, such as that a decrease in the normal osteoclastapoptosis may also contribute to the greater number of osteoclasts. In this paper, to obtain information about this fact, we generated mice in which β‐catenin was selectively eliminated from cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage usingan allele flanked by β‐catenin (Catnbf) together with the deletion line LisozimaMCre (LysMCre). The three‐dimensional analysis of the bones of the Catnbf/f;LysMmice revealed a significant decrease in the thickness of the femoral cortex, while the trabecular bone of the vertebrae was not affected. This phenotype was associated with a greater number ofosteoclasts on the bone surface. The number of osteoclasts in the cultures from the Catnbf/f;LysMmice was twice as high as in the cultures obtained from the control mice. The administration of WNT3a attenuated the osteoclast formation induced by M‐CSF and RANKL in vitro. In addition, WNT3a promoted apoptosis of osteoclasts, and this effect was counteracted, both by the presence of DKK1 and by the absence of β‐catenin. Taken together, these results support a cellular autonomous effect of β‐catenin in the osteoclast, and provide convincing evidence of the proapoptotic role of β‐cateninin these cells

Calcifediol mensual frente a calcifediol quincenal en el tratamiento de pacientes osteoporóticos. Estudio en la vida real / Monthly versus biweekley calcifediol in the treatment of osteoporotic patients. Study in real life

Objetivos: Valorar las concentraciones séricas de 25-hidroxivitamina D, 25(OH)D, en pacientes osteoporóticos tratados durante un año con calcifediol. Métodos: Se han estudiado 156 pacientes con osteoporosis (23 varones y 133 mujeres) de 71,9±9,6 años de edad que habían recibido tratamiento con calcifediol durante al menos un año. Noventa y dos de ellos recibieron 0,266 mg de calcifediol cada quince días y los 64 restantes la misma dosis una vez al mes. Se determinaron los niveles séricos de 25(OH)D, PTH intacta (PTHi), propéptido aminoterminal del procolágeno tipo I (PINP) y telopéptido carboxiterminal del colágeno tipo I (CTX), antes y un año después de iniciar el tratamiento. Resultados: Con ambas pautas de tratamiento se observó un aumento significativo en la concentración de 25(OH)D (p<0,001). El porcentaje de pacientes que alcanzaron niveles de 25(OH)D superiores a 20 y 30 ng/ml fue similar con ambas pautas, mientras que el de pacientes que sobrepasó los 60 ng/ml fue mayor con la dosis quincenal (p<0,01). La concentración de PTHi disminuyó de forma significativa tras la administración de calcifediol, aunque en esta ocasión no hubo diferencias entre las dos formas de tratamiento. Ambos marcadores, PINP y CTX, disminuyeron de forma similar en los pacientes tratados con antirresortivos (p<0,0001), sin que estos cambios guardaran relación con la pauta de calcifediol. Conclusiones: La administración mensual de 0,266 mg de calcifediol es adecuada para lograr unos niveles eficaces de vitamina D, y es también suficientemente segura como para evitar que se alcancen niveles potencialmente perjudiciales de la misma, por lo que sería preferible a la pauta quincenal en la práctica clínica habitual

Objectives: To assess serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D, in osteoporotic patients treated for one year with calcifediol. Methods: We have studied 156 patients with osteoporosis (23 males and 133 females), aged 71,9±9,6 years who had received treatment with calcifediol for at least one year. Ninety-two of them received 0.266 mg of calcifediol every fifteen days and the remaining 64 the same dose once a month. Serum levels of 25(OH)D, intact PTH (iPTH), procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (PINP) and C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) were determined before and one year after starting treatment. Results: A significant increase in the concentration of 25(OH)D was observed with both treatment regimens (p<0.001). The percentage of patients who reached levels of 25(OH)D higher than 20 and 30 ng/ml was similar with both guidelines, while the percentage of patients exceeding 60 ng/ml was higher with the biweekly dose (p<0.01). The concentration of iPTH decreased significantly after the administration of calcifediol, although on this occasion there were no differences between the two forms of treatment. Both bone remodeling markers, PINP and CTX, decreased similarly in patients treated with antiresorptives (p<0.0001), without these changes being related to the calcifediol regimen. Conclusions: The monthly administration of 0.266 mg of calcifediol is adequate to achieve effective levels of vitamin D, and it is also safe enough to avoid reaching potentially harmful levels of it, so it would be preferable to the biweekly schedule in the usual clinical practice

El índice trabecular óseo: una nueva herramienta para la valoración de la osteoporosis / The trabecular bone index: a new tool for assessing osteoporosis

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Ventilation/Perfusion SPECT lung scintigraphy and computed tomography pulmonary angiography in patients with clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism / Gammagrafía pulmonar SPECT de Ventilación/Perfusión y angiografía pulmonar computerizada en pacientes con sospecha clínica de tromboembolismo pulmonar

The aim was to compare ventilation/perfusion SPECT lung scintigraphy (V/Q-SPECT) and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in patients with suspicion of pulmonary embolism (PE). Material and methods. This prospectively designed study included 53 patients with intermediate or high clinical probability of PE. A V/Q-SPECT and CTPA was performed on all patients. The V/Q-SPECT was interpreted according to the European Association of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (EANMMI) guidelines. CTPA was reported as positive, negative, or indeterminate. Results. CTPA was positive in 22 cases, negative in 28, and indeterminate in 3. V/Q-SPECT was positive in 27 cases, negative in 24, and non-diagnostic in 2. In the 22 with positive CTPA, V/Q-SPECT was positive in 18, negative in 3, and non-diagnostic in 1. In the 28 with negative CTPA, V/Q-SPECT was positive in 8, negative in 19, and non-diagnostic in 1. In the 3 with indeterminate CTPA, V/Q-SPECT was positive in 1 and negative in 2. In the 2 non-diagnostic cases V/Q-SPECT, CTPA was positive in 1 and negative in one. In the 10 high clinical probabilities, CTPA and V/Q-SPECT were positive in 7, negative in 2, and in 1, CTPA was positive and V/Q-SPECT negative. In the 38 intermediate probability group, CTPA and V/Q-SPECT were positive in 11, negative in 17, with CTPA negative and V/Q-SPECT positive in 8, and in 2 CTPA was positive and V/Q-SPECT negative. The results show that V/Q-SPECT detected PE in 5 patients more than CTPA. Conclusion. Our results show a 77% concordance of both techniques. Overall V/Q-SPECT detected PE in 18% more patients than CTPA in the intermediate group. Both techniques have a complementary role when a diagnosis cannot be made with one of them (AU)

Objetivo. Comparar la gammagrafía pulmonar SPECT de ventilación/perfusión (SPECT-V/Q) y la angiografía pulmonar computarizada (CTPA) en pacientes con sospecha de tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP). Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo en 53 pacientes con probabilidad intermedia y alta de TEP. A todos se les realizó SPECT-V/Q y CTPA. La SPECT-V/Q fue interpretada según la guía publicada por la European Association of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (EANMMI). La CTPA fue reportada como positiva, negativa o indeterminada. Resultados. La CTPA fue positiva en 22, negativa en 28 e indeterminada en 3. La SPECT-V/Q fue positiva en 27, negativa en 24 y no diagnóstica en 2. En 22 con CTPA positiva, la SPECT-V/Q fue positiva en 18, negativa en 3 y no diagnóstica en una. En 28 con CTPA negativa, la SPECT-V/Q fue positiva en 8, negativa en 19 y no diagnóstica en uno. En 3 con CTPA indeterminada, la SPECT-V/Q fue positiva en una y negativa en 2. En 2 con SPECT-V/Q no diagnóstica, la CTPA fue positiva en una y negativa en una. En 10 con probabilidad clínica alta la CTPA y la SPECT-V/Q fueron positivas en 7, negativas en 2 y en una la CTPA fue positiva y la SPECT-V/Q negativa. En 38 con probabilidad intermedia la CTPA y la SPECT-V/Q fueron positivas en 11 y negativas en 17. En 8 la CTPA fue negativa y la SPECT-V/Q positiva, en 2 la CTPA fue positiva y la SPECT-V/Q negativa; por lo tanto, la SPECT-V/Q detectó TEP en 5 pacientes más de la CTPA. Conclusión. Nuestros resultados muestran un 77% de concordancia entre ambas técnicas. En general la SPECT-V/Q detectó TEP en 18% más pacientes que la CTPA en el grupo con probabilidad intermedia. Ambas técnicas tienen un papel complementario cuando el diagnóstico no puede ser alcanzado por una de ellas (AU)

Ventilation/Perfusion SPECT lung scintigraphy and computed tomography pulmonary angiography in patients with clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism.

UNLABELLED: The aim was to compare ventilation/perfusion SPECT lung scintigraphy (V/Q-SPECT) and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in patients with suspicion of pulmonary embolism (PE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospectively designed study included 53 patients with intermediate or high clinical probability of PE. A V/Q-SPECT and CTPA was performed on all patients. The V/Q-SPECT was interpreted according to the European Association of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (EANMMI) guidelines. CTPA was reported as positive, negative, or indeterminate. RESULTS: CTPA was positive in 22 cases, negative in 28, and indeterminate in 3. V/Q-SPECT was positive in 27 cases, negative in 24, and non-diagnostic in 2. In the 22 with positive CTPA, V/Q-SPECT was positive in 18, negative in 3, and non-diagnostic in 1. In the 28 with negative CTPA, V/Q-SPECT was positive in 8, negative in 19, and non-diagnostic in 1. In the 3 with indeterminate CTPA, V/Q-SPECT was positive in 1 and negative in 2. In the 2 non-diagnostic cases V/Q-SPECT, CTPA was positive in 1 and negative in one. In the 10 high clinical probabilities, CTPA and V/Q-SPECT were positive in 7, negative in 2, and in 1, CTPA was positive and V/Q-SPECT negative. In the 38 intermediate probability group, CTPA and V/Q-SPECT were positive in 11, negative in 17, with CTPA negative and V/Q-SPECT positive in 8, and in 2 CTPA was positive and V/Q-SPECT negative. The results show that V/Q-SPECT detected PE in 5 patients more than CTPA. CONCLUSION: Our results show a 77% concordance of both techniques. Overall V/Q-SPECT detected PE in 18% more patients than CTPA in the intermediate group. Both techniques have a complementary role when a diagnosis cannot be made with one of them.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium intake, and bone mineral density in Spanish adults.

UNLABELLED: Vitamin D insufficiency is very common among Spanish community-dwelling adult subjects. A threshold of serum 25(OH)D around 30 ng/ml would be necessary for the prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip bone loss in our population, regardless of the dairy calcium ingestion. INTRODUCTION: This study aims to assess 25-hydroxyvitamin D-25(OH)D-status in Spanish adult subjects and to analyze its relationships with serum PTH levels, calcium intake, and bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS: A total of 1811 individuals (1154 postmenopausal women and 657 men) aged 44-93 years participated in the study. Serum 25(OH)D, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), aminoterminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP), and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ß-CTX) levels were measured by electrochemiluminescence. BMD was determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip. RESULTS: Serum 25(OH)D levels were below 10, 20, and 30 ng/ml in 5, 40, and 83 % of participants, respectively. There was a significant seasonal difference in mean serum 25(OH)D, with higher levels in summer-autumn. In multivariate analysis, 25(OH)D levels were negatively correlated with age, serum PTH and creatinine, body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, and a number of chronic diseases, but positively with dairy calcium intake. The magnitude of the difference in serum PTH according to 25(OH)D quartiles was not influenced by calcium intake. A threshold of serum 25(OH)D around 30 ng/ml was observed for serum PTH and hip BMD. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D insufficiency is very common among Spanish community-dwelling adult subjects. A threshold of serum 25(OH)D around 30 ng/ml would be necessary for the prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip bone loss in our population, regardless of the dairy calcium ingestion. Programs to improve vitamin D status may be required in our country.

Guías de práctica clínica en la osteoporosis posmenopáusica, glucocorticoidea y del varón. Sociedad Española de Investigación Ósea y del Metabolismo Mineral (3.ª versión actualizada 2014) / Clinical practice guidelines for posmenopausal, glucocorticoid-induced and male osteoporosis. Spanish Society for Research on Bone and Mineral Metabolism (3rd updated version 2014)

La presente guía actualiza aspectos tratados en versiones anteriores, e introduce otros nuevos surgidos en los últimos años. Los primeros se refieren fundamentalmente a las novedades terapéuticas aparecidas en este tiempo (zoledronato, denosumab, bazedoxifeno), que han conducido a una modificación del algoritmo de elección del fármaco. Los segundos tienen que ver con el control terapéutico, la descripción de nuevos efectos secundarios (que han condicionado cambios en los patrones de conducta terapéutica, como es el caso de la fractura atípica de fémur), la duración del tratamiento (con la consideración de las denominadas «vacaciones terapéuticas»), los cambios de tratamiento que pueden imponer unas u otras circunstancias, y el denominado tratamiento secuencial. En relación con este último se ha introducido un nuevo algoritmo. También se han incluido consideraciones respecto a la vertebroplastia y la cifoplastia (AU)

These guidelines update issues covered in previous versions and introduce new ones that have arisen in recent years. The former refer mainly to the therapeutic developments that have been made during this time (zoledronate, denosumab, bazedoxifene), which have led to a change in the drug selection algorithm. The latter deal with therapeutic management, the description of new adverse effects (which have led to changes in therapeutic behaviour patterns, as is the case with atypical fracture of the femur), treatment duration (with consideration for the so-called “therapeutic holidays”), the so-called sequential treatment and changes in treatment imposed by certain circumstances. A new algorithm has been introduced for sequential treatment. Attention has also been paid to vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty (AU)

Revisión de la incidencia de la fractura de cadera en España / Review of the incidence of hip fracture in Spain

El envejecimiento de la población mundial es un indicador de la mejora de la salud en el mundo. En los países desarrollados, el aumento de la longevidad ha ido acompañado de una 'compresión de la morbilidad', es decir, aunque las personas viven más tiempo, no pasan más años padeciendo un mal estado de salud. Sin embargo la fractura de cadera es capaz por sí sola de disminuir la esperanza de vida en casi dos años, y uno de cada cinco pacientes que la sufre requerirá asistencia socio-sanitaria permanente. En España, los estudios epidemiológicos que describen la incidencia de la fractura de cadera son numerosos. En la mayoría de los casos, se trata de trabajos retrospectivos llevados a cabo durante períodos de tiempo cortos y cuyos resultados han sido variables entre las diferentes provincias estudiadas. La incidencia global de la fractura de cadera en nuestro país, en los sujetos mayores de 65 años ha variado entre 301 y 897/105 habitantes, valores por debajo de los de otros países de Europa o de los de los EE.UU. En este trabajo realizamos una revisión crítica de los principales estudios publicados en España que abordan el estudio de la incidencia de la fractura de cadera (AU)

The aging of the world population is an indicator of improving health worldwide. In developed countries, increased longevity has been accompanied by a so-called 'compression of morbidity', that is, although people live longer, they do not spend more years suffering a poor health status. However, hip fracture itself may reduce life expectancy in almost two years and one in five patients will require permanent health care. Epidemiological studies reporting the incidence of hip fracture in Spain are numerous. In most cases, they are retrospective and short-term studies, and their results have shown variations across regions. The overall incidence of hip fracture in our country, in subjects older than 65 years, have varied between 301 and 897/105 inhabitants, lower figures than reported in other European countries or in the USA. In this paper, we critically review the main published studies in Spain on the incidence of hip fracture (AU)

Tendencia secular de la incidencia de la fractura de cadera en el mundo / Secular trend in the incidence of hip fractures in the world

La evolución de la tasa de incidencia de la fractura de cadera no ha sido uniforme a lo largo de las últimas décadas. Por ejemplo, en la mayoría de los países desarrollados, se observa una tendencia al aumento de la incidencia en la segunda mitad del siglo XX que alcanza hasta la última década, en la que parece haberse iniciado una estabilización o incluso un descenso en la tasa de incidencia. Sin embargo, en algunas zonas de Asia y África la tendencia continúa siendo creciente. Desde el punto de vista epidemiológico, resulta de gran interés identificar si los cambios temporales de las tasas observados se asocian a un envejecimiento de la población o son resultado de otras circunstancias que concurren en una determinada población a lo largo del tiempo. En este sentido, a la hora de analizar la evolución de la incidencia de la fractura de cadera, es primordial tener en cuenta los efectos derivados de la implementación de las estrategias llevadas a cabo para prevenir y tratar de forma precoz la enfermedad osteoporótica y las caídas. En la mayoría de las enfermedades crónicas con un componente etiológico medioambiental, identificado o no, se produce un intervalo de varias décadas entre la exposición inicial al principal agente causal y la aparición clínica de la enfermedad. El estudio sistemático de la tendencia secular de una enfermedad pone de manifiesto diferentes fenómenos que ayudan a comprender su etiopatogenia. A la vez, constituye una actividad de vigilancia epidemiológica que permite alertar sobre su relevancia futura. En este trabajo realizamos una revisión de los principales estudios publicados en diversas partes del mundo, excluyendo España, que profundizan, en mayor o menor medida, en el análisis de la tendencia secular de la incidencia de la fractura de cadera con el fin de acercar este concepto al lector y ofrecer una visión de conjunto sobre la evolución de la incidencia de la fractura de cadera y sus posibles causas (AU)

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease and the main effector of the development of fractures in people over 50 years. When analyzing the evolution of the incidence of hip fracture it is important to consider the effects of the implementation of the strategies undertaken to prevent and treat early forms of disease and falls. In most chronic diseases with an environmental etiological component, identified or not, an interval of several decades occurs between initial exposure to the main causative agent and the clinical onset of the disease. The systematic study of the secular trend of a disease shows different phenomena that help to understand its pathogenesis. At the same time, it constitutes an activity of surveillance that allows warn about its future relevance. The evolution of the incidence rate of hip fractures has not been uniform over time in different countries. It is a matter of great interest to identify whether the observed temporal changes in rates are associated with an aging population or the result of a large number of circumstances of the same population over time. In this paper we review the main studies published around the world that explore, in greater or lesser extent, in the analysis of the secular trend in the incidence of hip fracture in order to bring this concept to the reader and offer an overview on the evolution of the incidence of hip fracture and the causes of this evolution (AU)

Clinical practice guidelines for posmenopausal, glucocorticoid-induced and male osteoporosis. Spanish Society for Research on Bone and Mineral Metabolism (3rd updated version 2014).

These guidelines update issues covered in previous versions and introduce new ones that have arisen in recent years. The former refer mainly to the therapeutic developments that have been made during this time (zoledronate, denosumab, bazedoxifene), which have led to a change in the drug selection algorithm. The latter deal with therapeutic management, the description of new adverse effects (which have led to changes in therapeutic behaviour patterns, as is the case with atypical fracture of the femur), treatment duration (with consideration for the so-called "therapeutic holidays"), the so-called sequential treatment and changes in treatment imposed by certain circumstances. A new algorithm has been introduced for sequential treatment. Attention has also been paid to vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty.

Serum uric acid is associated with quantitative ultrasound parameters in men: data from the Camargo cohort.

UNLABELLED: This study analyzes the association between serum uric acid levels and heel quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters in men aged 50 or more from the Camargo cohort. We found that higher serum uric acid levels are positively associated with all QUS measurements, suggesting a better bone quality in men with elevated serum uric acid values. INTRODUCTION: Higher serum uric acid concentrations have been associated with higher bone mineral density and lower prevalence of fractures. However, there are no studies that have assessed the bone quality properties in Caucasians. Therefore, we have analyzed the association between quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and serum uric acid levels in adult men from a population-based cohort. METHODS: A total of 868 men older than 50 were recruited from a larger cohort (Camargo Cohort) after excluding those with any known condition or drug treatment with a possible influence on bone metabolism, or those with a previous diagnosis of gout or taking hipouricemic agents. Bone turnover markers (PINP and CTX), 25OH-vitamin D and PTH levels were measured by electrochemiluminiscence. BMD was determined by DXA, and heel QUS with a gel-coupled device. RESULTS: Lumbar, femoral neck and total hip BMD was significantly higher in men with higher serum uric acid levels. QUS parameters were also significantly higher in men with high uric acid levels than those with lower values, and increased continuously across quartiles after adjustment for confounding variables. In multiple regression analysis, serum uric acid was significantly associated with all QUS parameters. Finally, men with serum acid levels above median showed higher values in all the QUS parameters than men with lower values. CONCLUSIONS: Higher serum uric acid levels in men older than 50 years are positively associated with QUS parameters. These data might suggest a better bone quality in men with elevated serum uric acid values.

Predictive ability of heel quantitative ultrasound for incident fractures: an individual-level meta-analysis.

UNLABELLED: The relationship between bone quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and fracture risk was estimated in an individual level data meta-analysis of 9 prospective studies of 46,124 individuals and 3018 incident fractures. Low QUS is associated with an increase in fracture risk, including hip fracture. The association with osteoporotic fracture decreases with time. INTRODUCTION: The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the association between parameters of QUS and risk of fracture. METHODS: In an individual-level analysis, we studied participants in nine prospective cohorts from Asia, Europe and North America. Heel broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA dB/MHz) and speed of sound (SOS m/s) were measured at baseline. Fractures during follow-up were collected by self-report and in some cohorts confirmed by radiography. An extension of Poisson regression was used to examine the gradient of risk (GR, hazard ratio per 1 SD decrease) between QUS and fracture risk adjusted for age and time since baseline in each cohort. Interactions between QUS and age and time since baseline were explored. RESULTS: Baseline measurements were available in 46,124 men and women, mean age 70 years (range 20-100). Three thousand and eighteen osteoporotic fractures (787 hip fractures) occurred during follow-up of 214,000 person-years. The summary GR for osteoporotic fracture was similar for both BUA (1.45, 95 % confidence intervals (CI) 1.40-1.51) and SOS (1.42, 95 % CI 1.36-1.47). For hip fracture, the respective GRs were 1.69 (95 % CI, 1.56-1.82) and 1.60 (95 % CI, 1.48-1.72). However, the GR was significantly higher for both fracture outcomes at lower baseline BUA and SOS (p < 0.001). The predictive value of QUS was the same for men and women and for all ages (p > 0.20), but the predictive value of both BUA and SOS for osteoporotic fracture decreased with time (p = 0.018 and p = 0.010, respectively). For example, the GR of BUA for osteoporotic fracture, adjusted for age, was 1.51 (95 % CI 1.42-1.61) at 1 year after baseline, but at 5 years, it was 1.36 (95 % CI 1.27-1.46). CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that quantitative ultrasound is an independent predictor of fracture for men and women particularly at low QUS values.

The impact of common co-morbidities (as measured using the Charlson index) on hip fracture risk in elderly men: a population-based cohort study.

UNLABELLED: We used a large population-based health care database to determine the impact of common co-morbidities on hip fracture risk amongst elderly men. We demonstrated that diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal failure, HIV infection, dementia, and cerebrovascular disease are independent predictors of hip fracture, as is a Charlson score of ≥ 3. INTRODUCTION: Risk factors for hip fractures in men are still unclear. We aimed to identify common co-morbidities (amongst those in the Charlson index) that confer an increased risk of hip fracture amongst elderly men. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cohort study using data from the SIDIAP (Q) database. SIDIAP(Q) contains primary care and hospital inpatient records of a representative 30% of the population of Catalonia, Spain (>2 million people). All men aged ≥ 65 years registered on 1 January 2007 were followed up until 31 December 2009. Both exposure (co-morbidities in the Charlson index) and outcome (incident hip fractures) were ascertained using ICD codes. Poisson regression models were fitted to estimate the effect of (1) each individual co-morbidity and (2) the composite Charlson index score, on hip fracture risk, after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking, and use of oral glucocorticoids. RESULTS: We observed 186,171 men for a median (inter-quartile range) of 2.99 (2.37-2.99) years. In this time, 1,718 (0.92%) participants had a hip fracture. The following co-morbidities were independently associated with hip fractures: diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), renal failure, HIV infection, dementia, and cerebrovascular disease. A Charlson score of ≥ 3 conferred an increased hip fracture risk. CONCLUSION: Common co-morbidities including diabetes, COPD, cerebrovascular disease, renal failure, and HIV infection are independently associated with an increased risk of hip fracture in elderly men. A Charlson score of 3 or more is associated with a 50% higher risk of hip fracture in this population.